Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Culture - Essay Example Watching the night skies could have additionally been utilized by the old Chinese as a guide like how explorers rely upon the North Star. Most punctual records of stars were discovered cut on bones and shells. One extremely critical record made by old Chinese space experts was that of a sun oriented shroud in 2136 BC, the main human record of a sun based overshadowing on the planet discovered encoded on a bone. In 2006, a stone cutting of what is accepted to be the Big Dipper was found by Wu Jiaca in Inner Mongolia and is anticipated to have been cut in 4000 BC. The situation of the cutting was on the north side of the stone, highlighting the course of the said group of stars. Carvings and maps of the stars by antiquated Chinese stargazers were found by some European at Dunhuang, a significant resting place before going into the western deserts. It was theorized that the maps were utilized by the explorers to control them along the Silk Road. The maps dated to 700 AD and contain 1,350 stars orchestrated in the way on how one sees the skyline. The most established star map known in Chinese history goes back to the Warring States Period (403-211 BC). It was made by Shi Shen and was at that point been absent. Different maps were at the Ancient Beijing Observatory and the International Dunhuang Project of the British Library. The long periods of watching the moon, stars and the sun by the antiquated Chinese cosmologists prompted the introduction of the Chinese schedule. Perception of the sun, the moon and the stars is significant in anticipating the reoccurrence of an occasion. The main Chinese schedule was supposed to be lunisolar or dependent on both the lunar and the sun based cycles. The Huangdi Li, Zhuanxu Li, Xia Li, Yin Li, Zhou Li, and Lu Li were probably the soonest formal schedules acknowledged. There was an expected 102 Chinese schedules that have been created and updated from the Xia tradition (2070-1600 BC) to the Qing Dynasty (1645-1911) until at long last the Chinese

The Effects of Motivation on Work

In a universe of plenitude loaded up with unparalleled monetary lows, there has never been a more noteworthy requiring the comprehension of the impacts of inspiration in the work environment. We will take a gander at inspiration as the light expected to see positive change in our work life, the change important to improve the monetary height of our family and friends. Despite the fact that inspiration can't be instructed, it very well may be invigorated by a business or a person. Invigorated in a manner that makes the establishment to raise and surpass desire. To comprehend why inspiration assumes such a significant job in one’s profession it is unmistakably positive we should comprehend the genuine importance of the word and how it functions in various structures. Inspiration originates from the Latin root meaning â€Å"to move† (Wade and Tavris, 2009). As though this root significance isn't sufficient to get a handle on the thought, Psychologists characterize inspiration as the procedure of which an individual or creature advance toward an objective, or away from a negative circumstance (Wade and Tavris, 2009). There is no distinction in the manner inspiration works when we are attempting to accomplish inside the working environment or the inspiration to eat when we are eager. The power it makes is the equivalent however the ideal need is unique. Inspiration is likewise separated into two shifting components. These two components of inspiration must be comprehended on the grounds that they impact our attitude of accomplishing or all the more in this way, why we pick certain parts of following our inspirations. Characteristic inspiration is the quest for a movement for the wellbeing of its own while outward inspiration is the interest for outer prizes (Wade and Tavris 2009). We can see that inspiration drives us such that we intentionally and subliminally push ahead to achieve what it is that we look for, and it additionally used to push or pull away from a circumstance that would be have negative credits to our inspirations. We additionally realize that inspiration is impacted by various intentions. In this exploration paper we will examine inspiration in the work environment, be it positive, negative, or invalid. We will likewise talk about certain investigations behind the contemplations of how we work intellectually busy working, to work, and for work. Working inside an organization that makes a positive mental disposition mantra is adverse to the achievement of the organization and prosperity of the worker. Organizations can dispatch crusades to imitate inspiration, yet except if the organizations approach is genuinely true and reliable the worth is lost. In Douglas McGregor’s book, â€Å"The Human Side of Enterprise,† distributed in 1960, McGregor states that people have a characteristic aversion for work and dodge it in the event that they can (McGregor, 2010). So in the event that we as people hate work when all is said in done, how would we be able to ever get inspired? In Frederick Herzberg’s book, â€Å"The Motivation to Work,† Herzberg talks about how a work environment can make an inspiring domain for its representatives. He records figures that outcome inspiration and disappointment in the working environment. He calls them sparks and cleanliness factors (Herzberg, 2002). We will examine the cleanliness consider later this paper. The fantastic helpers he records are as per the following: accomplishments, obligation, work itself, acknowledgment, headway, and development (Herzberg, 2002). These elements give positive inspiration in the work place. His convictions of how an organization can spur additionally incorporate thoughts, for example, when a worker demonstrates the capacity to assume on greater liability the organization should respect the person, that the organization should work to use the full ability of the representative, and that if a person’s capacities can't be utilized the organization ought to supplant the person to keep up the condition of inspiration in the staff (Herzberg, 2002). An organization can attempt all that it can to inspire the work power, however what makes one worker be more spurred than another similarly situated. An individual’s positive inspiration they bring to work every day can create huge achievement in their profession. Where does their craving originate from? What makes one worker more inspired than others? These are two incredible inquiries that will help with figuring out what fills a person to perform at work with non-persuasive endeavors by the organization. There are a few conditions that emphatically influence our individual thought processes in achieving achievement. One answer is objectives. Objectives are said to improve execution when three conditions are met: the objective must be explicit, testing yet reachable, and intended to pick up what you need as opposed to what you don’t need (Wade and Tavris, 2009). This implies when somebody knows precisely what they need, as long as it isn’t absurdly far off, and they work toward a path that when finished gives most extreme fulfillment, one will start to perform better. An objective is only the vehicle of inspiration, the vehicle requires the fuel of inspiration to arrive at your goal. So generally, objectives breed inspiration. There are two kinds of objectives that help with developing as an individual. A presentation objective is encircled to do well before others, be judged deferentially, and maintain a strategic distance from analysis (Wade and Tavris, 2009). A dominance objective is intended to expand ones competency and range of abilities. (Swim and Tavris, 2009) When these two objectives are set into movement, our inspiration is called upon and we will at last produce further achievement. Another factor that will cause inspiration is very meaning of the natural and extraneous inspiration factor (Wade and Tavris, 2009). For instance, another vehicle, new family home, deals challenge, reward, and progression are on the whole traits that require a person to turn out to be increasingly spurred at work and produce more prominent outcomes. Additionally in Frederick Herzberg’s book â€Å"The Motivation to Work,† he records factors that make inspiration inside a person to prevail at function as accomplishment, acknowledgment, work itself, obligation, headway, and development (Herzberg, 2002). Inspiration from inside additionally can bring forth from self-anticipation (Wade and Tavris, 2009). At the point when one hopes to succeed, they work more diligently and turn out to be progressively persuaded to work (Wade and Tavris, 2009). In direct connection to desires is self-viability. Self-productivity is the conviction that the person in question is equipped for delivering wanted outcomes, acing aptitudes, and accomplishing objectives (Wade and Tavris 2009). This as well, can't be educated. It is created. We currently observe a relationship with how an organization and an individual can deliver inspiration at work and why it is significant. What we see is that it is a similar fundamental procedure, yet everything begins with an understanding that the individual must be willing to both do and need more prominent outcomes. There are additionally inspiring elements that can demoralize a worker at work. We will call this inspiration, a negative inspiration. Similarly as with all the components that cause positive inspiration, when their qualities are turned around negative inspiration will happen. On the off chance that there is no headway openings, errands are dull, the work in itself isn't significant, there are poor associations with bosses, or the specialist doesn't feel acknowledged then the inspiration and generally speaking disposition of the individual turns astray (Herzberg, 2002). The â€Å"Hygiene Factor† we addressed before clarifies that the disappointment one finds at work is a spark buzz slaughter (Herzberg, 2002). He calls these disappointing variables cleanliness on the grounds that similarly as in wellbeing cleanliness, these components are upkeep factors (Herzberg, 2002). Support factors are what we should do to maintain a strategic distance from disappointment (Herzberg, 2002). These components include: organization strategy, issues with bosses, work conditions, compensation, and issues with peers (Herzberg, 2002). These elements are straightforwardly identified with the impact of the workplace. In synopsis, it appears when one needs to work, to work, the mentality gets negative about the particular occupation. Similarly as with depreciators in the working environment, one can include spoilers inside themselves that are upsetting their capacity to get spurred in a vocation. These depreciators are sentiments, feelings, and occasions in one’s individual life that are causing negative impact on their work mindset. Accounts, time, family life, and absence of satisfaction are on the whole negative factors that weigh against ones inspiration. In the event that one accepts they are not following their fantasies or satisfying their maximum capacity they will endure, on the off chance that one isn’t investing enough energy with their family they will likewise endure, and on the off chance that one is battling monetarily they will clearly encapsulate issues. Sorrow is another factor that can remove inspiration. Misery makes the failure work in a few shifting structures. These are only a couple of reasons with respect to why an individual may battle to persuade themselves. At the point when inspiration is lost inside the psychological limits ascribed to our profession, regardless of whether exclusively or reared by the business, one could get impervious to change, invalid to development, and conflicting in task. This makes it difficult for one to finish every day errands, yet alone go to work with the inspiration accomplish extraordinary outcomes. Be that as it may, inspiration is a multifunctional mental capacity. Multifunctional in light of the fact that it can have negative, positive, and invalid outcomes. It can likewise create an impact where one will work with the dread of losing their position. They will do what is important to keep up their status, at the same time living with the dread of their solace level evolving. Working in this limit causes a poor mental disposition both at work and at home. We have contemplated the numerous sides of the impacts of inspiration in the work environment. We discovered numerous normal thoughts, hypotheses, and studies that partner both positive and negative inspiration. For a working environment to give a positive domain there are obviously characterized structures to deliver the ideal result. As an individual, we should earnestly feel comfort, challenge, acknowledgment, and development to become and stay in an inspired state. A tall rundown sure, yet so as to develop as people these are for the most part very I

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Gautam Kaul, Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Gautam Kaul, Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school, but the educational experience itself is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we profile Gautam Kaul from the Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan. Gautam Kaul (“Finance and the Sustainable Enterprise”), the John C. and Sally S. Morley Professor of Finance at Ross, teaches both core curriculum courses and electives. In addition to referencing his intellectual capabilities, students with whom mbaMission spoke described Kaul as extremely friendly and having a great sense of humor. He is also known for his willingness to help students both inside and outside the classroom. In 2005, in direct response to student interest, Kaul developed the course “Finance and the Sustainable Enterprise.” In return, students recognized his efforts and awarded him the Sustainability Pioneer Award and a plaque in his honor on one of the chairs in the main auditorium of the university’s School of Natural Resources and Environment. For more information about Michigan Ross and 13 other top-ranked business schools, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Michigan (Ross) Blog Archive Professor Profiles Gautam Kaul, Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school, but the educational experience itself is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we profile  Gautam Kaul  from the Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan. Gautam Kaul (“Finance and the Sustainable Enterprise”), the John C. and Sally S. Morley Professor of Finance at Ross, teaches both core curriculum courses and electives. In addition to referencing his intellectual capabilities, students with whom mbaMission spoke described Kaul as extremely friendly and having a great sense of humor. He is also known for his willingness to help students both inside and outside the classroom. In 2005, in direct response to student interest, Kaul developed the course “Finance and the Sustainable Enterprise.” In return, students recognized his efforts and awarded him the Sustainability Pioneer Award and a plaque in his honor on one of the chairs in the main auditorium of the university’s School of Natural Resources and Environment. Kaul has been nominated for an MBA Teaching Excellence Award (which is voted on by the student body) numerous times and won the award in 1996, 2006, 2009, and 2011. For more information about Michigan Ross and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Michigan (Ross) Blog Archive Professor Profiles Gautam Kaul, Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school, but the educational experience itself is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we profile  Gautam Kaul  from the Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan. Gautam Kaul (“Finance and the Sustainable Enterprise”), the John C. and Sally S. Morley Professor of Finance at Michigan Ross, teaches both core curriculum courses and electives. In addition to referencing his intellectual capabilities, students with whom mbaMission spoke described Kaul as extremely friendly and having a great sense of humor. He is also known for his willingness to help students both inside and outside the classroom. In 2005, in direct response to student interest, Kaul developed the course “Finance and the Sustainable Enterprise.” In return, students recognized his efforts and awarded him the Sustainability Pioneer Award and a plaque in his honor on one of the chairs in the main auditorium of the university’s School of Natural Resources and Environment. Kaul has been nominated for an MBA Teaching Excellence Award (which is voted on by the student body) numerous times and won the award in 1996, 2006, 2009 and 2011. For more information about Michigan Ross and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Michigan (Ross) Blog Archive Professor Profiles Gautam Kaul, Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school, but the educational experience itself is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we profile  Gautam Kaul  from the Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan. Gautam Kaul  (“Finance and the Sustainable Enterprise”), the John C. and Sally S. Morley Professor of Finance at Michigan Ross, teaches both core curriculum courses and electives. In addition to referencing his intellectual capabilities, students with whom mbaMission spoke described Kaul as extremely friendly and having a great sense of humor. He is also known for his willingness to help students both inside and outside the classroom. In 2005, in direct response to student interest, Kaul developed the course “Finance and the Sustainable Enterprise.” In return, students recognized his efforts and awarded him the Sustainability Pioneer Award and a plaque in his honor on one of the chairs in the main auditorium of the university’s School of Natural Resources and Environment. Kaul has been nominated for an MBA Teaching Excellence Award (which is voted on by the student body) numerous times and won the award in 1996, 2006, 2009, and 2011. He is also the 2009 recipient of the Vic tor L. Bernard Leadership in Teaching Award from the university’s Center for Research on Learning and Teaching. For more information about Michigan Ross and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Michigan (Ross)

Role Of E Governance On Administrative Efficiency And...

Role of E-governance in administrative Efficiency and Combating Corruption Abstract: Administrative efficiency and Corruption have been the matter of growing interest for any Government of a country. Increasing efficiency and decreasing corruption are very much important for good governance and better development of a country. Because organization’s effectivity, productivity, depends on administrative efficiency. The objective of this paper is to find out the role of E-governance in Administrative Efficiency and Combating Corruption. It will provide ideas in which factors should be emphasized to ensure administrative efficiency and to battle against corruption with the weapon of E-governance. Keywords: e-Governance, Administrative efficiency, Corruption, development etc. Introduction: Developing countries like Bangladesh always faces some problems like lack of administrative efficiency and corruption in various level of society. E-governance can be an important tool to fight against it. The preliminary objective of e-governance is to provide better services and information to the citizens of a country. It has also plays an important role to fight against corruption along with providing services. So, now a-days, to increase administrative efficiency and to ensure quality service to the people no one can ignore the importance of E-governance. E-governance also can helps to reduce of corruption. Objective of the Study: The main objective of this study is to examine theShow MoreRelatedCorruption Is Barrier to Development in Pakistan9592 Words   |  39 PagesCompetition Corruption Is a Barrier to Development in Pakistan Syed Izatullah Department of Electronic Engineering BUITEMS Quetta syedizatullah@yahoo.com Outline I. INTRODUCTION 1. What is Corruption? A. The abuse of power for private gain is called corruption B. Corruption is authority plus monopoly minus transferency 2. Corruption in different away of life A. 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David Kolb s Framework Of Experiential Learning - 1534 Words

A big proponent of ESL learning, what my case study consists of, can be compared to David Kolb’s framework of experiential learning. Kolb’s experiential learning cycle features four stages: the concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation, and active experimentation. The first stage, concrete experience, involves doing or having an experience. The second stage, reflective observation, involves reviewing or reflecting on the experience. The third stage, abstract conceptualisation, involves concluding or learning from the experience. The fourth stage, active experimentation, involves planning or trying out what you learned. ISLA, which stands for Immersion for Spanish Language Acquisition, facilitates a supportive environment for Hispanic children to learn and explore in Spanish. ISLA mission is to provide cost-free heritage language classes, taught 100% in Spanish, include literacy, science, arts, and outdoor education, as well as cultural prog rams to nurture each student’s unique cultural heritage and multicultural experience. This past year ISLA took 103 Latino students and their families on a 2-day immersive camping trip to Morrow Mountain State Park, provided English classes for forty ISLA parents, and launched HUGS (Helping You Grow in Spanish) music and Spanish Immersion class for infants and toddler. I also would take various â€Å"adventures† into the forests that surrounded the ISLA camp. My case study consisted of children ranging from 5-13Show MoreRelatedReflective Portfolio Of Skills Development Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This report would analyse the skills developed throughout the MA in Personnel and Development Programme in LJMU. 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The issues of entitlement, equality, diversity and Inclusitivity will be addressed. It will also address the relevant legislation in my area of expertise and the importance

Cinderella Personal Narrative Essay - 923 Words

Cinderella Trust the gut. People always say trust the gut. I sat in the cold pew, hard and solid. I couldn’t escape, I couldn’t melt through the pew. She walked down the aisle. The devil dressed in white. I can hear my brother whispering in my ear, chills running down my spine as I realized what he was saying. â€Å"She is going to turn us into slaves. She is going to make us clean the toilet with toothbrushes and wash the floors on our hands and knees.† My stomach was churning. Something was wrong. Then everything registered, I was on the roller coaster of life and I didn’t put my seat belt on. I was falling. I looked around me and all I saw was white, her face appeared in front of me and she smiled. â€Å"Save yourself, no one is here to grab†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Go to your room!† She was right in my face as my chest was aching. She pushed me? When? My dad s voice was soothing to my soul as he said, â€Å"Cheyanne please go to you r room, I need to talk to your mom.† She’s not my mom. â€Å"Stepmom.† My face was stinging. She slapped me. â€Å"Disrespectful child!† â€Å"Go to your room now!† I ran. I ran like I was going to die if I stopped. My face burned, my ear was on fire, and my chest was aching. What did I do? June 25th, 2005. My life changed. My world flipped. My brother was right. My gut was right. Everyday a living hell. From the top of the mountain to the bottom of the valley. I had to grow up fast. I didn’t have time to be a child. I didn’t have time to be free. I didn’t have time to have fun. Work, chores, church. Replay. Work, chores, church. Replay. Thirteen years later and I move to the same rhythm. Back track to Eighth grade. I had a job. I went to church four times a week. I worked over the summer. I had free time to read. I had no phone, no friends, no home, and no mom. My dad always worked and my brother always played computer. I had no mom, just the devil. Sitting in our house church I hear my pastor saying, â€Å"Jodee is a great example of a christian mom. Look at her children. I remember before she came into Cheyanne’s and Tyler’s life, they were crazy, but she came along and it was like they joined the military.† Flashes crossed my mind. Screaming, yelling, threats, crying, desperation, no hope, no love, and noShow MoreRelatedArticle Summary of From Kitchen Tales to Table Narratives1447 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore referencing the material. This reminder does not contain all of the terms and conditions that govern your purchase Article summary: Zubiaurre, Maite. Culinary Eros In Contemporary Hispanic Female Fiction: From Kitchen Tales To Table Narratives. College Literature 33.3 (2006): 29-51. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. 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Dependent Variable Journal Research Culture CCD †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Dependent Variable Journal Research CCD. Answer: Dependent Variable The dependent variable in the journal research is cross culture adjustment (CCD) of expatriates. CCD is defined as the socio-cultural and psychological feeling of an individual working in a new culture. It refers to social and psychological adjustment that has to happen to an employees when moved from the home country of the parent company to another country and work for a subsidiary (Crossland and Hambrick, 2011). Expatriates have to open themselves for the host cultures by adjusting to new ways of conducting themselves. Expatriates have to change to new norms, behaviors and rules that were not part of their home culture. The journal researcher seeks to explore how CCA is dependent to cultural intelligence (CQ) and job positions. The research involves a cultural change from China to Australia. The cross cultural adjustment of China expatriates is examined when working in Australia a country with western culture and vice versa. Independent variables The independent variables of the research are cultural intelligence (CQ) and Job position. Cultural intelligence is defined as the individuals ability to cope with a foreign culture. It refers to individuals ability to effectively adapt to foreign culture (Earley and Mosakowsk 2004). Therefore cultural intelligence is the capacity and effectiveness of adopting a new culture. Cultural intelligence is made of motivational, cognitive, behavioral and Meta cognitive aspects of adapting to new culture. Job position is defined as the preposition that an individual works or holds in the new host company. The job position is related to power and influence that an individual has in the new company. These independent factors affect the persons ability to adjusting to new culture. Moderating Variable The moderating variable in the journal research is cultural distance asymmetry (CDA). CDA is defined as the cultural difference between the host company and the home company. It is how the subsidiary culture differs in the new country and parent company of the home country of the expatriates. The CDA involves the differences to beliefs, attitudes, behaviors and values shared by the subsidiary different to the home company. CDA moderation effects exist in the levels in relationships that are between the job positions and the CCA. Motivation of the variables included The study of CCA is motivated by the increased globalization that has increased the number of expatriates working in foreign countries. Globalization has increased companies ability to open up new subsidies around the global. The moving of employees to work in the subsidiaries has necessitated the understanding of the process of adjusting to new cultures. The depend variables is motivated by the need to examine the relationship of cultural quotient, CCA and job position. The dependent variables are motivated by the effect they have on cross culture adjustments. Cultural intelligent influences how an individual responds to new culture affecting the relationship of how expatriates interact and adjust to subsidies. Job position affects the level of interaction that an expatriates is involved in. job position influences the power direction in the organization that an individual has to serve in. The moderating variable is motivated by acknowledging the influence that CDA can have especial ly in high level in relationships. Measurement of the variables The CCA was measured by combining SCA and PCA. The SCA was measured by 14-Item Scale that was put forward by Black and Stephens (1989). This measures the work, living conditions and interactions adjustments of an individual in a host culture. PCA was measured using 12 item general health scale. This scale as developed by Goldberg (1972). The measured is used to monitor the well being in workplace contexts. The research has used this scale to measure the expatriates well being and psychological adaption. The CQ was measured by 20 item CQ scale. The CQ scale was developed by Ang et al (2004). The CQ scale measured motivation, Meta cognitive, behavioral dimension and cognitive. The job position an independent variable was measured by a binary variable of either the position was managerial or non managerial. The CDA was measured with multiple group analysis to record moderating impact. Other variables that could be included The study should have included other variables like education and training prior to staring working on another country. Level of education determines an individuals lifestyle and understanding of another people culture. Education stimulates tolerance and acceptance. Training about host culture when orienting expatriates before assuming their new roles in the host countries help them adjust quickly. These factors affects cross cultural adjustment and should have been included as independent variables in the study. References Earley, C. and Mosakowski, E. (2004), Cultural intelligence, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 82 No. 10, pp. 139-146 Goldberg, D. (1972), The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire, Oxford University Crossland, C. and Hambrick, D.C. (2011), Differences in managerial discretion across countries: how nation-level institutions affect the degree to which CEOs matter, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 32 No. 8, pp. 797-819. Press, London Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C. and Ng, K.Y. (2004), The measurement of cultural intelligence, paper presented at the Academy of Management Meetings Symposium on Cultural Intelligence in the 21st Century, New Orleans, LA, August 23-24. Black, J.S. and Stephens, G.K. (1989), The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments, Journal of Management, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 529-544.